Bench Tools
Sequence tools
DNA / RNA Reverse Complement Online Converter
Paste a sequence to get its reverse complement, complement, or reverse; supports FASTA input and IUPAC degenerate bases.
Online DNA GC Content and Tm Calculator
Calculate GC%, base composition, molecular weight, and two empirical Tm values — for rapid primer screening.
DNA to Protein Translation — Six-Frame Online Tool
Standard genetic code (NCBI table 1): single-frame or six-frame translation with ORF finder.
FASTA File Statistics: Sequence Count, Length Distribution, and N50
Paste a multi-FASTA and instantly get sequence count, total length, N50/L50, GC content, and length distribution.
Protein Molecular Weight, Isoelectric Point & 280 nm Extinction Coefficient Calculator
Enter an amino acid sequence to compute molecular weight, theoretical pI, molar extinction coefficient, and A280 at 1 mg/mL.
Pairwise Sequence Alignment Online Tool (Needleman-Wunsch Global Alignment)
Global alignment of two sequences with alignment output, score, percent identity, and mismatch/gap statistics.
Codon Table Quick Reference (Standard Genetic Code): Bidirectional Codon–Amino Acid Lookup
All 64 codons of the standard genetic code — look up amino acids by codon or reverse-query codons by amino acid; accepts both DNA and RNA notation.
Amino Acid Properties Reference: Molecular Weight, Side-Chain pKa, Hydrophobicity, and Codon Count
Properties of all 20 standard amino acids: residue mass, side-chain pKa, Kyte-Doolittle hydrophobicity, and codon count. Searchable by code or name.
Restriction Enzyme Recognition Sequences Reference & Cut-Site Finder
Recognition sequences, cut sites, end types, and average spacing for 30 common restriction enzymes; paste any sequence to locate cut sites (linear or circular).
Non-Standard Genetic Code Tables: Mitochondrial, Bacterial, and Ciliate Codon Differences (NCBI transl_table Reference)
All 27 NCBI genetic code tables with per-codon differences from the standard table, searchable by table number or codon.
Codon Usage Table & Rare Codon Scanner (with CAI Calculation)
Codon usage frequencies for nine organisms — paste a CDS to scan for rare codons, compute CAI, and identify the optimal codon per amino acid in your expression host.
Primer Dimer and Hairpin Structure Detector (with 3′-End Complementarity Analysis)
Detect self-dimers, hairpin structures, and cross-dimers in primer pairs; reports 3′-end consecutive complementarity separately with a pairing diagram.
Nearest-Neighbor Primer Tm Calculator
Calculate primer Tm by nearest-neighbor thermodynamics, returning ΔH°, ΔS°, ΔG°₃₇, with Mg²⁺ and dNTP converted to Na⁺ equivalent.
FASTQ Quality Score Calculator — Phred Q Score, Error Rate, Q20/Q30
Convert Phred Q scores to error rates and parse FASTQ quality strings: correct mean quality, ≥Q20/Q30 fractions, and expected error count.
Genome Coordinate System Converter — BED (0-based) ↔ GFF/VCF/SAM (1-based)
BED and GFF/VCF/SAM coordinates differ by 1. Convert any interval between the two systems and get ready-to-paste BED and GFF lines.
Bench calculators
Centrifuge RCF (g) ↔ RPM Converter — Relative Centrifugal Force Calculator
Convert between relative centrifugal force (× g) and rotor speed (rpm) in both directions using rotor radius, with common reference values.
Molarity, Mass, and Volume Calculator — Solve for Concentration, Volume, or Mass
Solve for concentration, volume, or mass given the other two — supports mM/µM/nM and mg/µg/ng.
Solution Dilution Calculator (C1V1 = C2V2)
Calculate stock, fold, and serial dilutions in one step — outputs the exact solvent volume to add.
Nucleic Acid Concentration Calculator: OD260, ng/µL, and pmol Conversion
Convert A260 absorbance to mass concentration and interconvert ng and pmol for dsDNA, ssDNA, RNA, and oligonucleotides.
Hemocytometer Cell Concentration Calculator
Enter counts from each large square and the dilution factor to calculate cell concentration, total cell number, and volume needed for plating.
Buffer Preparation Calculator (Henderson-Hasselbalch)
Calculate the acid/base component ratio and the mass of each needed to hit your target pH.
PCR Reaction Setup Calculator (with Multi-Sample Master Mix)
Calculate the volume of each component and water make-up from stock and final concentrations; supports batch master mix preparation for multiple samples.
DNA / RNA Copy Number Calculator (Plasmid Standards, qPCR, ddPCR)
Calculate copies/µL, copies per reaction, and single-copy mass from concentration and length; generate a standard-curve dilution series.
Primer Resuspension and Dilution Calculator
How much water to add for lyophilized primer resuspension, how to dilute to working stock, and how many reactions your tube will support.
Transformation Efficiency Calculator
Calculate transformation efficiency in CFU/µg with automatic plating-ratio correction — omitting this step throws your result off by 10-fold or more.
Cell Culture Vessel Converter — Surface Area, Seeding Density & Drug Volume
Scale seeding cell counts and drug volumes between culture plates, dishes, and flasks: cell number follows area, drug volume follows medium — and these ratios differ.
Percent Concentration Converter (% w/v, % w/w, % v/v, ppm ↔ mol/L)
The 37% on the bottle and 12 mol/L in the protocol are the same concentrated HCl — convert between % (w/v), % (w/w), % (v/v), ppm, g/L, and mol/L in one step.
OD₆₀₀ to Cell Concentration Calculator (Dilution Correction / Plate Reader Path-Length / Inoculum Back-Calculation)
Convert OD₆₀₀ readings to cells/mL and total cell count, with dilution back-calculation, path-length correction, and linear-range checking.
Gel Band Size Estimation (DNA bp / Protein kDa, Semi-log Standard Curve)
Fit a semi-log curve to marker migration distances and estimate unknown band sizes; flags linear-interpolation overestimation and out-of-range extrapolation.
Cell Split Ratio & Regrowth Time Calculator — Back-Calculate the Right 1:N Ratio from Doubling Time
Calculate regrowth time after a 1:N cell split, or back-calculate the ratio needed. Diluting twice as much buys only one extra doubling, not twice the time.
Plate Colony Count and CFU/mL Calculator (Countable Range / ISO Weighted Average / Poisson Error)
Enter colony counts by dilution; the tool picks countable plates, applies ISO 4833 weighted average, and returns CFU/mL with Poisson error — limits from 1/√n.
Centrifuge k-Factor Calculator: Convert Run Time When Switching Rotors
Compute rotor k-factor from r_min, r_max, and rated speed; scale run time when switching rotors. RCF measures force — k accounts for path length too.
Gibson Assembly Fragment Amount Calculator (Multi-Fragment Molar Ratio and pmol Conversion)
Calculate ng per insert from vector length and amount; auto-selects 2–3 vs. 4–6 fragment protocols and checks total pmol against the recommended range.
Restriction Digest Setup Calculator (Units, Glycerol Limit, and Volume Breakdown)
Calculate enzyme units and volume needed, check final glycerol against the 5% star-activity limit, and get a complete DNA/buffer/enzyme/water breakdown.
Buffer Recipe Calculator: TAE / TBE / PBS and Custom Formulas — Mass and Volume Conversions
Select a recipe and volume; get exact mass or volume per component with all calculations shown, plus EDTA pH-8 dissolution and Tris temperature-drift warnings.
Agarose Gel Concentration Selector and Mass Calculator (with TBE/TAE Guidance)
Pick the right agarose percentage for your fragment size range, calculate grams for your gel tray, and choose between TBE and TAE based on downstream plans.
Osmolarity Calculator — mOsm Conversion & Isotonicity Check
Compute solution osmolarity (mOsm) from concentration × particle count, with optional osmotic coefficient φ, and compare against plasma 275–295 mOsm/kg.
Molecular Weight Calculator: Molar Mass and Weighing Mass from Chemical Formula
Enter a chemical formula to get molar mass—supports nested parentheses and hydrates (CuSO4·5H2O)—then calculates grams to weigh for a target concentration and volume. Atomic weights from CIAAW abridged standard values.
Complete Medium Calculator — Serum and Supplements Back-Calculated from Final Volume
Enter final volume, serum %, and additive stock folds; get exact basal medium and supplement volumes, plus the serum drift from the common full-bottle mistake.
Radioactive Isotope Decay Calculator (³²P / ³⁵S / ¹²⁵I / ³H Remaining Activity)
Calculate remaining activity since the reference date, extra volume needed for an equivalent dose, and days to reach 50%, 25%, or 10% of initial activity.
Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation Calculator: Solid Amount for Protein Fractionation
Enter initial and target saturation, solution volume, and temperature to calculate grams of solid ammonium sulfate needed and the resulting volume increment.
Animal Dosing Calculator — mg/kg to Injection Volume & Batch Prep
Enter dose (mg/kg), body weight, and stock concentration to calculate injection volume; includes batch preparation and maximum volume limits by route.
Beer-Lambert Law Calculator: Absorbance, Extinction Coefficient, and Concentration
Solve for absorbance, extinction coefficient, concentration, or path length using Beer-Lambert law — enzyme assays, NAD(H) kinetics, small-molecule QC.
Buffer pH Temperature Correction Calculator (Tris / HEPES / MOPS)
Enter preparation and working temperatures to get pH drift and room-temperature set point; Tris shifts 0.28 pH per 10°C — over ten times phosphate buffer.
Circular Dichroism Mean Residue Ellipticity Calculator (CD [θ]MRE and Δε)
Enter raw ellipticity (mdeg), protein concentration, and path length to get [θ]MRE and Δε, with path-length unit reminders to prevent order-of-magnitude errors.
ChIP-qPCR Percent Input Calculator (% Input Enrichment Analysis)
Calculate ChIP % Input enrichment per locus; enter input fraction and Ct values, with IgG normalization — prevents the classic dilution-factor error.
Dialysis Buffer Exchange Calculator — Desalting, Imidazole Removal, Buffer Swap
Calculate how many dialysis rounds you need and the residual concentration after each step; quantify exactly how much sequential buffer changes outperform a single large-volume exchange.
Bacterial / Cell Doubling Time and Growth Rate Calculator
Enter two log-phase OD or cell count measurements to calculate doubling time, specific growth rate μ, number of generations, and predicted cell density.
Drug Dilution Calculator for Cell Assays — DMSO Stock, Working Solution & Well DMSO%
Calculate DMSO stock volume from compound mass and MW; verify per-well DMSO%; flag cases where a pipettable intermediate dilution is required.
Dual-Luciferase Reporter Normalization Calculator (Firefly / Renilla Relative Luciferase Activity)
Paste Firefly and Renilla RLU values to get per-well normalized activity, group means ± SD, and fold induction with the control auto-set to 1.
Degree of Labeling (DOL) Calculator: Fluorescent Labeling Stoichiometry for Antibodies and Proteins
Calculate DOL (F/P ratio) and protein concentration from A₂₈₀ and dye absorbance; built-in constants for FITC, Alexa Fluor 488/555/647, Cy3/Cy5 with 280 nm dye correction.
FRET Efficiency and Donor–Acceptor Distance Calculator (Förster Equation)
FRET three-way calculator: efficiency E from distance R and Förster radius R₀, distance R from efficiency E, or efficiency from donor fluorescence quenching; covers 2–14 nm.
HPLC Column Efficiency Calculator: Theoretical Plate Count N, Resolution Rs, and Capacity Factor k′
Enter retention times and peak widths to calculate N, H, k′, and Rs — confirm column efficiency and whether two peaks are baseline-resolved.
CO₂–pH Calculator for Cell Culture Media
Three-way conversion among CO₂%, NaHCO₃ concentration, and medium pH; RPMI/DMEM/MEM presets, altitude correction, and the formula behind yellowing medium.
Buffer Ionic Strength Calculator (IEX · SEC · EMSA Condition Check)
Calculates solution ionic strength I (mol/L) from ion concentrations and charges; includes PBS presets for quick buffer verification before IEX and SEC runs.
Ki Calculator (Cheng-Prusoff Equation) — IC50 to Ki Conversion
Convert IC50 to Ki using the Cheng-Prusoff equation for competitive, uncompetitive, or pure noncompetitive enzyme inhibition.
DNA Ligation Calculator — Vector and Insert Amount (T4 Ligase)
Enter linearized vector amount and size, insert size, and molar ratio to calculate required insert mass and fmol values for T4 ligase cloning.
Limiting Reagent and Theoretical Yield Calculator (Synthesis / Biochemical Reactions)
Enter each reactant's molecular weight, mass, and stoichiometric coefficient to instantly identify the limiting reagent, theoretical yield, and percent yield.
Liquid-Liquid Extraction Efficiency Calculator (Multiple Extractions and Partition Coefficient)
Calculate cumulative extraction recovery from partition coefficient and volumes; supports pH correction for weak acids/bases and contrasts multiple vs. single large-volume extraction strategies.
Mass Accuracy Calculator: ppm Error and Mass Window for High-Resolution MS
Enter measured and theoretical m/z to get ppm error and mDa deviation, or back-calculate XIC mass extraction windows from theoretical mass and ppm tolerance.
Multiplicity of Infection (MOI) Calculator
Enter cell count, target MOI, and viral titer to get the required virus volume; Poisson-based infection rate and single-infection fraction; back-calculate actual MOI from measured infection rate.
ESI-MS Adduct m/z Calculator ([M+H]+, [M+Na]+, Neutral Mass)
Compute m/z for common ESI adducts ([M+H]+, [M+Na]+, [M+2H]²+) from neutral exact mass or molecular formula; back-calculate neutral mass from observed m/z.
NGS Library Molarity & Equimolar Pooling Calculator (Qubit ng/µL to nM)
Convert Qubit mass concentration and Bioanalyzer fragment length to library molarity (nM), then get dilution volumes and an equimolar pooling plan.
PCR Run Time Calculator — Amplicon Size × Extension Rate
Calculate PCR run time from amplicon size and polymerase extension rate; instantly see per-cycle extension time and how much time a faster polymerase saves.
Peptide Fragment Ion m/z Calculator (b/y Ions, MS/MS Spectrum Annotation)
Enter a single-letter peptide sequence to get monoisotopic m/z values for all b/y ions; supports carbamidomethyl Cys and oxidized Met for LC-MS/MS spectrum annotation.
Protein Net Charge Calculator (pH-Dependent)
Enter an amino acid sequence and pH to estimate the net charge via the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation; useful for IEX resin selection and pI range analysis.
Protein Purification Table: Specific Activity, Yield, and Purification Fold Calculator
Enter volume, protein concentration, and activity for each purification step; calculates specific activity, yield, and purification fold and generates a publication-ready table.
SDS-PAGE Gel Preparation Calculator (Resolving Gel & Stacking Gel)
Enter acrylamide percentage and per-gel volume; calculate acrylamide, Tris, SDS, APS, TEMED, and water for both gel layers, with multi-gel batch scaling.
TCID₅₀ Calculator — Virus Infectious Titer via Reed-Muench Method
Compute TCID₅₀/mL from serial-dilution well data using the Reed-Muench cumulative method; shows the intermediate table to catch direction-reversal mistakes.
Transfection Volume Calculator — Lipofectamine 3000 / PEI Scaled by Growth Area
Scale Lipofectamine 3000 or PEI transfection volumes by growth area; gives a master mix with 10% overage that reproduces manufacturer protocol table values.
Subcutaneous Tumor Volume Calculator (Caliper Measurement / TGI Tumor Growth Inhibition)
Compute subcutaneous tumor volume (mm³) from caliper long and short axes using the modified ellipsoid or ellipsoid formula, with optional TGI calculation.
Scratch Wound Healing Assay Calculator: Wound Closure Percentage and Migration Rate
Enter initial and endpoint scratch widths to calculate per-replicate wound closure %, mean ± SD, and leading-edge migration rate for wound healing assay data.
Z' Factor Calculator: HTS Assay Quality Assessment for High-Throughput Screening
Paste positive and negative control readings to instantly compute Z' factor, S/B, S/N, and CV — assess whether your HTS assay meets quality standards.
Statistics
Multiple Testing Correction Calculator: BH (FDR), BY, and Bonferroni
Paste a column of p-values and get BH q-values, BY, and Bonferroni corrections side by side in one step.
qPCR 2^−ΔΔCt Relative Quantification Online Calculator
Paste your Ct table and get ΔCt, ΔΔCt, fold-change, and within-group dispersion calculated automatically.
Gene List Intersection, Union & Difference — Online Venn Set Calculator
Paste 2–3 gene/ID lists and instantly get intersections, unions, and unique elements, with deduplication and case normalization.
log2FC ↔ Fold Change Converter
Convert between log2FC and fold change, with percent regulation and a common threshold reference table.
Standard Curve Linear Regression and Back-Calculation of Unknown Samples (BCA / Bradford / ELISA)
Paste standard concentrations and absorbance readings to obtain slope, intercept, and R², then back-calculate unknown sample concentrations.
Sequencing Depth & Data Volume Calculator (Lander-Waterman)
Convert between sequencing depth, read count, data volume, and genome size — in either direction.
Sample Size Estimation for Two-Group Comparison (t-test / Proportion Test)
Estimate the required sample size per group from effect size, significance level, and statistical power.
Community Diversity Index Calculator (Shannon / Simpson / Chao1)
Paste a species abundance table and compute Shannon, Simpson, evenness, and Chao1 richness estimates.
Enrichment Significance Test Calculator — Hypergeometric Distribution / Fisher's Exact Test
Enter background gene count, pathway gene count, list size, and overlap to compute p-value, fold enrichment, and expected overlap.
qPCR Amplification Efficiency Calculator — Standard Curve Slope to E, Pfaffl Relative Quantification
Fit a standard curve from serial dilutions to calculate amplification efficiency E and R²; apply the Pfaffl method for efficiency-corrected relative quantification.
RNA-seq Expression Normalization Calculator: RPKM / FPKM / TPM Converter
Paste gene read counts and lengths to compute RPKM / FPKM and TPM at once — and see directly that TPM sums to 1,000,000 while RPKM does not.
Online t-Test Calculator: Independent Samples / Paired Samples / One-Sample (with Welch Correction)
Paste two data sets to get the t-statistic, degrees of freedom, two-tailed p-value, mean-difference confidence interval, and Cohen's d — Welch correction on by default.
One-Way ANOVA Calculator Online (Post-Hoc Tests & Multiple Comparison Correction)
Compare means across three or more groups: F statistic, ANOVA table, p-value, η², and optional pairwise post-hoc tests with Bonferroni or BH correction.
Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test Calculator
Two-group comparison for skewed or ordinal data: computes U/W statistics, exact or approximate p-values, effect size, and the minimum achievable p for your sample size.
Chi-Square and Fisher's Exact Test Calculator (with OR / RR)
Contingency table independence tests — Pearson chi-square, Yates' correction, and Fisher's exact p-value; OR and RR with confidence intervals for 2×2 tables.
Correlation Coefficient Calculator: Pearson, Spearman and Kendall
Compute all three correlation coefficients with p-values in one step; returns Pearson's confidence interval and r², and flags outliers or nonlinearity when results diverge.
How to Choose a Statistical Test: By Data Type, Number of Groups, and Paired vs. Independent Design
Answer three questions to identify the right test: comparing values or proportions, how many groups, paired or independent. Each row links to the corresponding tool.
Michaelis-Menten Km and Vmax Calculator (Nonlinear Fit + Three Linearization Methods)
Nonlinear fit for Km and Vmax with Lineweaver-Burk, Hanes-Woolf, and Eadie-Hofstee linearizations shown in parallel—their spread directly reports data quality.
IC50 / EC50 Four-Parameter Logistic Fit Calculator (with Data Reliability Checks)
Fit IC50/EC50 and Hill slope from concentration–response data using 4PL; reports plateau coverage and how much fixing the slope to 1 shifts the result.
Kaplan-Meier Survival Curve and Log-Rank Test Calculator
Paste two-group time-status data to get Kaplan-Meier tables, median survival, and log-rank χ² and p-value, with intermediate steps for textbook verification.
Pharmacokinetic Non-Compartmental Analysis (NCA): AUC, Half-life, and Clearance Online Calculator
Paste concentration-time data and dose to get AUC(0→t), extrapolated AUC, λz, half-life, MRT, clearance, and Vz; defaults to linear-up/log-down.
ROC Curve & AUC Calculator with Hanley-McNeil Confidence Intervals
ROC curve, AUC (two methods cross-checked), Hanley-McNeil confidence intervals, Youden optimal threshold, and Mann-Whitney test from raw scores or a known AUC.
Diagnostic Test 2×2 Table Calculator: Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictive Values
Enter TP/FP/FN/TN; compute sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, likelihood ratios, Youden's J, and 95% Wilson CIs, with optional Bayesian prevalence updating.
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Calculator: Allele Frequency, Genotype Frequency, and HWE Departure Test
Enter a minor allele frequency or observed genotype counts to get HWE expected frequencies and a χ² departure test — for GWAS QC and carrier frequency estimation.
Research utilities
Figure Size and Resolution Calculator for Journal Submission (mm / inch / px / DPI)
Calculate the required pixel dimensions for journal figures from column width and DPI, and check whether your existing image meets the spec.
Word Count for Mixed Chinese–English Text (Abstract / Submission Limits)
Counts Chinese characters, English words, and total characters separately, with an option to exclude references and figure captions.
Microscope Pixel Size and Nyquist Sampling Calculator (Resolution Depends on Pixels, Not Magnification)
Computes effective pixel size at the sample (µm/pixel), diffraction-limited resolution, and Nyquist sampling ratio from camera pixel size, objective magnification, and NA.
Z-Stack Step Size Calculator (Axial Resolution & Nyquist Sampling)
Enter imaging mode, emission wavelength, NA, and immersion medium to get axial resolution and optimal z-step size, plus slice count for any stack depth.
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